The concept of a split infinitive often raises eyebrows among grammar enthusiasts and casual writers alike, prompting the critical question: what exactly is a split infinitive? Grammar Girl, also known as Mignon Fogarty, offers valuable insights into this frequently debated grammatical construction. The debate hinges on the placement of an adverb, such as "quickly," directly within an infinitive phrase, for example, "to quickly go," which some traditionalists consider an error while others view it as perfectly acceptable for clarity and flow. Understanding the nuances of split infinitives is essential for anyone striving to master English grammar, and resources like the Chicago Manual of Style provide guidance on how to navigate these complex issues effectively.
Have you ever been told never to split an infinitive?
Perhaps a teacher, editor, or even an overzealous grammar checker has wagged a digital finger at you.
If so, you’re not alone. The "rule" against split infinitives is one of the most stubbornly persistent myths in English grammar.
But before we delve into the debate, let’s set the stage.
What is an Infinitive?
Simply put, an infinitive is the base form of a verb, usually preceded by the word "to."
Think of examples like to run, to sing, to dream, to create.
These are the raw materials of action, the verbs in their purest, uninflected form. They often function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs within a sentence.
Defining the Split
A split infinitive occurs when a word, most often an adverb, is inserted between the "to" and the verb in the infinitive phrase.
Consider this example: "to boldly go."
The adverb "boldly" nestles itself right in the heart of the infinitive "to go," thus creating the split.
This construction has been a source of consternation for some, and a perfectly acceptable stylistic choice for others.
Grammatical Crime or Stylistic Choice?
The central question we aim to explore is this: Is splitting an infinitive truly a heinous grammatical error, a sign of linguistic sloppiness?
Or is it, perhaps, a flexible tool that, when used with care, can actually enhance clarity and impact?
This isn’t merely about following rules blindly. It’s about understanding the nuances of language and making conscious choices as writers.
We’ll delve into the history of this "rule," explore arguments for and against splitting, and ultimately, offer a practical guide to help you decide when—and when not—to split.
Have you ever been told never to split an infinitive?
Perhaps a teacher, editor, or even an overzealous grammar checker has wagged a digital finger at you.
If so, you’re not alone. The "rule" against split infinitives is one of the most stubbornly persistent myths in English grammar.
But before we delve into the debate, let’s set the stage.
What is an Infinitive?
Simply put, an infinitive is the base form of a verb, usually preceded by the word "to."
Think of examples like to run, to sing, to dream, to create.
These are the raw materials of action, the verbs in their purest, uninflected form. They often function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs within a sentence.
Defining the Split
A split infinitive occurs when a word, most often an adverb, is inserted between the "to" and the verb in the infinitive phrase.
Consider this example: "to boldly go."
The adverb "boldly" nestles itself right in the heart of the infinitive "to go," thus creating the split.
This construction has been a source of consternation for some, and a perfectly acceptable stylistic choice for others.
Grammatical Crime or Stylistic Choice?
The central question we aim to explore is this: Is splitting an infinitive truly a heinous grammatical error, a sign of linguistic sloppiness?
Or is it, perhaps, a flexible tool that, when used with care, can actually enhance clarity and impact?
This isn’t merely about following rules blindly. It’s about understanding the nuances of language and making conscious choices as writers.
We’ll delve into the history of this "rule," explore arguments for and against splitting, and ultimately, offer a practical guide to help you decide when—and when not—to split.
The Anti-Splitters: A History of Disapproval
So, where did this disapproval originate? It’s tempting to assume that such a strong prohibition stems from deep-rooted grammatical principles. However, the reality is far more nuanced, and, dare we say, a bit arbitrary.
The story of the split infinitive’s condemnation is largely one of linguistic fashion and the imposition of rules that don’t necessarily reflect the natural evolution of the English language.
The Latin Legacy: An Unnatural Fit
The primary culprit behind the aversion to split infinitives is the historical attempt to force English grammar into the mold of Latin.
In Latin, infinitives are single, indivisible words. Consequently, some grammarians felt that English infinitives should be treated similarly.
This analogy, however, is fundamentally flawed.
English is not Latin, and its grammatical structure is quite different. English readily uses multi-word verb phrases, and trying to shoehorn it into a Latin framework is akin to forcing a square peg into a round hole.
This attempt to impose a foreign grammatical structure on English is a classic example of linguistic prescriptivism – the belief that there are inherently “correct” ways to use language, regardless of actual usage.
While the seeds of anti-splitting sentiment were sown earlier, it was figures like Henry Alford, a 19th-century clergyman and writer, who truly popularized the condemnation of split infinitives.
Alford, a respected authority on language, vocally criticized the construction, and his pronouncements carried significant weight.
His influence helped solidify the “rule” in the minds of many, particularly those in positions of power in education and publishing.
In many ways, Alford’s stance was reflective of a broader Victorian-era concern for linguistic purity and correctness.
However, it’s crucial to remember that Alford’s objections were based more on personal preference and a desire for stylistic elegance than on any inherent grammatical flaw.
The condemnation of split infinitives was further perpetuated by influential style guides, most notably The King’s English by H.W. and F.G. Fowler.
While the Fowlers acknowledged that splitting an infinitive was sometimes unavoidable, they generally advised against it, contributing to the grammatical stigma.
Their book was widely read and highly respected, further entrenching the aversion to split infinitives in the minds of writers and editors.
The impact of these style guides cannot be overstated; they shaped the standards of formal writing for generations and cemented the idea that splitting an infinitive was, at best, a questionable practice.
It is essential to understand that the aversion to split infinitives is primarily an example of linguistic prescriptivism, rather than an inherent grammatical error rooted in the natural structure of English.
Prescriptivism dictates how language should be used, often based on arbitrary rules or historical precedent.
Descriptivism, on the other hand, observes how language is actually used, without making judgments about its correctness.
The “rule” against split infinitives is a prime example of prescriptivism at work. It’s a rule that was imposed upon the language, rather than arising organically from its structure or usage.
Therefore, understanding the historical context and the motivations behind the rule is crucial to making informed decisions about whether or not to follow it.
In Defense of the Split: Clarity and Emphasis
Having examined the historical roots of the anti-split infinitive stance, it’s time to turn our attention to a counter-argument: that splitting an infinitive is not only acceptable but often desirable for clear and effective communication.
Indeed, clinging rigidly to the “rule” can lead to awkward, unnatural, and even ambiguous sentences.
Let’s explore why.
The Descriptivist View: Language in Motion
The prescriptive approach to grammar, as we’ve seen, seeks to impose rules based on precedent or perceived correctness.
A descriptivist perspective, however, takes a different tack.
It recognizes that language is a living, evolving entity. Usage shapes grammar over time, not the other way around.
If native speakers consistently use a construction – such as a split infinitive – and it communicates effectively, then it is, by definition, correct.
To ignore this organic evolution is to handcuff ourselves to outdated notions of linguistic purity.
Clarity Above All Else
The most compelling argument for splitting infinitives lies in its ability to enhance clarity.
Sometimes, the only way to express a particular nuance or emphasis is to insert a word, usually an adverb, directly into the heart of the infinitive phrase.
Consider the difference between these two sentences:
- "She decided to carefully consider her options."
- "She decided to consider her options carefully."
In the first sentence, the adverb “carefully” is placed within the infinitive “to consider,” creating a split.
The second sentence, while grammatically “correct” according to the anti-splitting rule, shifts the emphasis and can sound less natural.
By placing “carefully” within the infinitive, we highlight the deliberateness and intentionality of her consideration.
The split infinitive, in this case, adds to the meaning, rather than detracting from it.
When Splitting Improves Flow
Beyond mere clarity, splitting an infinitive can also significantly improve the flow of a sentence.
Awkward constructions often arise when we contort sentences to avoid splitting.
For example, compare these sentences:
- "It is important completely to understand the instructions."
- "It is important to completely understand the instructions."
- "It is important to understand the instructions completely."
The first sentence is clunky and unnatural.
The third sentence is grammatically “correct” but places undue emphasis on the word “completely.”
The second sentence, with the split infinitive, strikes a balance, maintaining clarity and improving the overall rhythm of the sentence.
The Linguists’ Approval: Jespersen’s Insight
It’s important to note that the defense of split infinitives isn’t just a matter of subjective preference. Leading linguists have long argued for their acceptance.
Otto Jespersen, a renowned Danish linguist and English language scholar, went so far as to say that split infinitives are sometimes essential for effective communication.
He argued that forcing writers to avoid splitting can lead to artificial and stilted prose.
Order and Understanding: A Readable Sentence
Ultimately, the goal of writing is to communicate clearly and effectively.
If splitting an infinitive improves word order, enhances readability, and clarifies meaning, then it is a perfectly valid and often preferable choice.
Don’t let the fear of violating an outdated rule prevent you from crafting the most impactful and understandable sentence possible.
Embrace the flexibility of the English language.
Recognize the power of the split infinitive as a tool for clarity and emphasis.
And write with confidence, guided by your ear and your understanding of effective communication.
Modern Style: What the Guides Say Now
Having established that splitting infinitives is not the grammatical sin it was once portrayed to be, it’s prudent to examine what contemporary style authorities advise on the matter. After all, understanding the conventions of modern style is crucial for effective communication, particularly in professional contexts.
The Shifting Sands of Style Guide Stances
Modern style guides, thankfully, have largely abandoned the rigid prohibition against split infinitives. However, their approaches vary from cautious acceptance to outright endorsement of the practice when it enhances clarity.
The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), a widely respected authority, adopts a pragmatic stance. It acknowledges the historical aversion but advises against contorting sentences to avoid splitting an infinitive when doing so would result in awkward or ambiguous phrasing. CMOS essentially prioritizes clarity and naturalness of expression.
The MLA Handbook
The Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, geared towards academic writing, similarly emphasizes clarity and conciseness. While it doesn’t explicitly encourage split infinitives, it doesn’t condemn them either. The MLA Handbook implicitly suggests that the decision to split an infinitive should be guided by the need to express the intended meaning effectively.
The Associated Press Stylebook
The Associated Press (AP) Stylebook, primarily used by journalists, tends to be more conservative. It advises against splitting infinitives unless doing so is unavoidable for clarity. AP Style prioritizes brevity and simplicity, which often (but not always) aligns with avoiding split constructions.
A Summary
In short, while none of these major style guides are ardently pro-split infinitive, they’ve largely moved beyond outright condemnation. Context and clarity are key.
The Grammar Checker’s Quandary
Despite the evolving attitudes in style guides, grammar checkers like Grammarly often flag split infinitives as potential errors. This can be misleading, as the software typically operates on a set of pre-programmed rules that don’t always account for stylistic nuance.
It’s important to remember that grammar checkers are tools, not oracles. Writers should use their own judgment to evaluate whether a flagged split infinitive is truly detrimental to the sentence or if it actually enhances clarity and flow. Do not blindly accept suggested changes.
Formal vs. Informal: Context Matters
The acceptability of split infinitives can also depend on the writing context. In formal writing, such as academic papers or legal documents, it may be prudent to err on the side of caution and avoid splitting infinitives unless absolutely necessary.
In more informal contexts, such as blog posts or personal essays, writers have greater latitude to use split infinitives as they see fit, prioritizing naturalness and conversational tone. Knowing your audience and purpose is essential.
Split Infinitives in the Wild: Examples
Examining published works can offer valuable insight into how skilled writers handle split infinitives. One can find examples of split infinitives in literature, journalism, and even academic writing. Conversely, one can also find skilled writers who consciously avoid splitting infinitives to achieve a particular stylistic effect.
Studying these examples allows writers to develop their own sense of when and how to use split infinitives effectively, making informed choices based on their own stylistic goals.
When to Split (and When Not To): A Practical Guide
Let’s be clear: adhering to rigid grammatical "rules" doesn’t automatically equate to effective writing. Clarity and impact are often paramount. The split infinitive debate, therefore, shouldn’t be about blindly following prescriptions, but about making informed stylistic choices.
The Primacy of Clarity and Emphasis
Clarity should always be the guiding principle.
If splitting an infinitive enhances the reader’s understanding, it’s likely a justifiable decision. Consider the alternative: awkwardly rephrasing a sentence to avoid the split, potentially introducing ambiguity or a stilted tone.
Don’t sacrifice clear communication on the altar of outdated grammatical dogma.
Ask yourself: Does the adverb significantly modify the verb in a way that’s best expressed within the infinitive? Does the split provide a natural pause or emphasis that improves the sentence’s rhythm? If so, embrace the split.
The Context-Audience Connection
Context matters. A casual blog post allows for more stylistic freedom than a formal academic paper.
Consider your audience. Are you writing for a readership that appreciates linguistic precision, or one that prioritizes a conversational tone? Adapt your style accordingly.
When in doubt, err on the side of caution in formal settings.
If you suspect that splitting an infinitive might distract or irritate your target audience, it may be best to rephrase the sentence. This isn’t about surrendering to arbitrary rules, but about respecting your readers’ expectations.
Trust Your Ear: The Subjectivity Factor
Ultimately, the decision to split an infinitive often comes down to subjective judgment.
Grammar isn’t a rigid set of algorithms; it’s a flexible tool for communication.
Trust your instincts. Read the sentence aloud. Does it sound natural and fluid? Does the split feel disruptive, or does it enhance the overall rhythm?
If the split feels right, and it doesn’t compromise clarity or context, then trust your "ear."
Develop a sense of what sounds right through practice and exposure to diverse writing styles.
Acknowledge the inherent subjectivity involved, and be prepared to defend your stylistic choices based on sound reasoning, not blind adherence to outdated rules.
FAQs: What is a Split Infinitive?
What exactly is a split infinitive?
A split infinitive occurs when an adverb is placed between "to" and the base form of a verb in an infinitive phrase. For example, "to boldly go" is a split infinitive. What is a split infinitive? It’s essentially an infinitive that has been interrupted.
Is it grammatically incorrect to use a split infinitive?
Historically, some grammar authorities discouraged split infinitives, but modern usage generally accepts them. Whether or not you consider it "incorrect" depends on context and desired style. Sometimes splitting the infinitive is the most natural way to phrase something.
Why were split infinitives frowned upon in the past?
The disapproval of split infinitives stemmed from applying Latin grammar rules to English. Latin infinitives are a single word and cannot be split, so some believed English infinitives shouldn’t be either.
When might I want to use a split infinitive?
You might use a split infinitive for clarity or emphasis. Sometimes, placing the adverb directly before or after the infinitive can sound awkward. Using what is a split infinitive can be the most natural and clear way to express your intended meaning.
So, now you know all about the mysterious split infinitive! Don’t stress too much about it in everyday writing. While some grammar sticklers might wince if you choose to boldly go, remember that understanding what a split infinitive is empowers you to make informed choices about your writing style. Ultimately, clarity and effectiveness should be your guide.